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### Inorganic Chemistry

 Inorganic chemistry is the branch of chemistry concerned with the properties and behavior of inorganic compounds. This field covers all chemical compounds except the myriad organic compounds (carbon based compounds, usually containing C-H bonds), which are the subjects of organic chemistry. The distinction between the two disciplines is far from absolute, and there is much overlap, most importantly in the sub-discipline of organometallic chemistry.

### Boron Isotope Fractionation During Brucite Deposition from Artific...

##### By: C. Q. Liu; Y. K. Xiao; Z. D. Jin; J. Xiao

Description: State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China. Experiments involving boron incorporation into brucite (Mg(OH)2) from magnesium-free artificial seawater with pH values ranging from 9.5 to 13.0 were carried out to better understand the incorporation behavior of boron into brucite and the influence of it on Mg/Ca-SST proxy and Δ11B-pH proxy. The r...

Dickson, A. G.: Thermodynamics of the dissociation of boric acid in synthetic seawater from 273.15 to 318.15 K, Deep-Sea Res. Pt. A., 37, 755–766, 1990.; de la Fuente, M. and Muñoz, E.: Boron removal by adsorption with magnesium oxide, Sep. Purif. Technol., 48, 36–44, 2006.; Allison, N., Finch, A. A., and EIMF.: $\delta^{11}$B, Sr, Mg and B in a modern Porites coral: the relationship between calcification site pH and skeletal chemistry, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., ...

### The Underlying Model for Defect Parameters in Materials of Geophys...

##### By: E. Dologlou

Description: Solid State Section, Department of Physics, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Zografos 157 84 Athens, Greece. Here, we investigate whether the bulk or the shear is the appropriate modulus for the defect parameters in different materials by focusing on those of geophysical interest. We show that the self-diffusion process and just also the bulk modulus should be related to defect parameters. It is this interrelation which accounts for the emission ...

Cain, L. S.: The elastic constants and their temperature and pressure derivatives, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 38, 73–79, 1977.; Varotsos, P. and Miliotis, D.: New Aspects on the Dielectric Properties of the Alkali Halides with Divalent Impurities, J. Phys. Chem. Solids, 35, 927–930, 1974.; Varotsos, P., Ludwig, W., and Alexopoulos, K.: Calculation of the Formation Volume of Vacancies in Solids, Phys. Rev. B, 18, 2683–2691, 1978.; Dologlou, E.: Hydrogen and deuterium diffusio...

### A Non-extensive Approach to Risk Assessment : Volume 9, Issue 1 (1...

##### By: F. Vallianatos

Description: Technological Educational Institute of Crete, Department of Natural Resources and Environment, Geophysics and Seismology Laboratory, 3 Romanou str., Chania, 73133, Crete, Greece. We analytically estimate the risk function of natural hazards (earthquakes, rockfalls, forestfires, landslides) by means of a non-extensive approach which is based on implementing the Tsallis entropy for the estimation of the probability density function (PDF) and introducing a p...

Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I.: Handbook of mathematical functions, Dover, New York, 258–260, 1965.; Aki, K.: Maximum likelihood estimate of b in the formula $\logN=a-bM$ and its confidence limits, B. Earthq. Res. I. Tokyo, 43, 237–239, 1965.; Bak, P. and Tang, C.: Earthquakes as a self-organized critical phenomenon, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 15 635–15 637, 1989.; Bak, P., Tang, C., and Wiesenfeld, K.: Self-organized critically, Phys. Rev. A, 38, 364–374, 1987.; Bonnet, E., B...

### Combining Earthquakes and Gps Data to Estimate the Probability of ...

##### By: Y.-b. Tsai; W.-y. Chang; K.-p. Chen

Description: Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, No. 418, Gaoping Sec., Jhongfong Rd., Longtan, Taoyuan County 32544, Taiwan. According to Wyss et al. (2000) result indicates that future main earthquakes can be expected along zones characterized by low b values. In this study we combine Benioff strain with global positioning system (GPS) data to estimate the probability of future Mw ≥ 6.0 earthquakes for a grid covering ...

Hirata, T.: A correlation between the b value and the fractal dimension of earthquakes, J. Geophys. Res., 94, 7507–9514, 1989.; Gutenberg, B. and Richter, F.: Frequency of earthquakes in California, B. Seismol. Soc. Am., 34, 185–188, 1944.; Aki, K.: Maximum likelihood estimate of b in the formula $\log (N)=a-bM$ and its confidence limits, Bull. Earthq. Res. Inst. Tokyo Univ., 43, 237–239, 1965.; Ben-Naim, A.: A farewell of entropy: statistical thermodynamic...

### Estimate of Ulf Electromagnetic Noise Caused by a Fluid Flow Durin...

##### By: V. V. Surkov; V. A. Pilipenko

Description: National Research Nuclear University MEPhI, Moscow, Russia. The elaboration of theoretical models, even oversimplified, capable to estimate an expected electromagnetic effect during earthquake preparation process is not less important than the advancement of observational technique to detect seismic-related electromagnetic emission. Here possible mechanisms of ULF electromagnetic noise associated with seismic or volcanic activity are discussed. The...

Byerlee, J.: Model for episodic flow of high-pressure water in fault zones before earthquakes, Geology, 21, 303–306, 1993.; De Groot, S. R. and Mazur, P.: Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamics, North-Holland, Amsterdam, Wiley, New York, 510 pp., 1962.; Cress, G. O., Brady, B. T., and Rowell, G. A.: Sources of electromagnetic radiation from fracture of rock samples in the laboratory, Geophys. Res. Lett., 14, 331–334, 1987.; Draganov, A. B., Inan, U. S., and Taranenko, Y. N.: ULF...

### A Nonextensive Statistics Approach for Langmuir Waves in Relativi...

##### By: V. Muñoz

Description: Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile. The nonextensive statistics formalism proposed by Tsallis has found many applications in systems with memory effects, long range spatial correlations, and in general whenever the phase space has fractal or multi-fractal structure. These features may appear naturally in turbulent or non-neutral plasmas. In fact, the equilibrium distribution functions whic...

Abe, S. and Okamoto, Y.: Nonextensive Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Springer-Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg, 2001.; Anteneodo, C. and Tsallis, C.: Two-dimensional turbulence in pure-electron plasma: A nonextensive thermostatistical description, J. Mol. Liq., 71, 255–267, 1997.; Arimitsu, T. and Arimitsu, N.: Analysis of fully developed turbulence in terms of Tsallis statistics, Phys. Rev. E, 61, 3237–3240, 2000.; Boghosian, B M.: Thermodynamic Description of the...

### Time-scale Invariant Changes in Atmospheric Radon Concentration an...

##### By: Y. Yasuoka; Y. Omori; T. Ishikawa; H. Nagahama; Y. Kawada; S. Tokonami; M. Shinogi

Description: Department of Geoenvironmental Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. Prior to large earthquakes (e.g. 1995 Kobe earthquake, Japan), an increase in the atmospheric radon concentration is observed, and this increase in the rate follows a power-law of the time-to-earthquake (time-to-failure). This phenomenon corresponds to the increase in the radon migration in crust and the exhalation into atmosphere. An irreversible therm...

Ball, T. K., Cameron, D. G., Colman, T. B., and Roberts, P. D.: Behaviour of radon in the geological environment: a review, Quart. J. Engng. Geol., 24, 169–182, 1991.; Bear, J.: Dynamics of Fluids in Porous Media, Elsevier, New York, 1972.; Biot, M. A.: General theory of three-dimensional consolidation, J. Appl. Phys., 12, 155–164, 1941.; Ben-Zion, Y. and Lyakhovsky, V.: Accelerated seismic release and related aspects of seismicity patterns on earthquake faults, Pure App...

### Shannon Information of the Geomagnetic Field for the Past 7000 Yea...

##### By: A. De Santis; E. Qamili

Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Roma, Italy. The present behaviour of the geomagnetic field as expressed by the International Geomagnetic Reference Field (IGRF) deserves special attention when compared with that shown over the past few thousands of years by two paleomagnetic/archeomagnetic models, CALS3K and CALS7K. The application of the Information theory in terms of Shannon Information and K-entropy to these models shows characteristi...

Baranger, M., Latora, V., and Rapisarda, A.: Time evolution of thermodynamic entropy for conservative and dissipative chaotic maps, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 13, 471–478, 2002.; Beck, C. and Schlögl, F.: Thermodynamics of Chaotic Systems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 306 pp., 1993.; Buchner, T. and Zebrowski, J.: Local entropies as a measure of ordering in discrete maps, Chaos Soliton. Fract., 9(1/2), 19–28, 1998.; Constable, C. G. and Korte, M.: Is Earth's magnet...

### Is There a Layer Deep in the Earth That Uncouples Heat from Mechan...

##### By: S. P. Burns; S. J. Burns

Description: Materials Science Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, USA. The thermal expansion coefficient is presented as the coupling between heat energy and mechanical work. It is shown that when heat and work are uncoupled then very unusual material properties occurs: for example, acoustic p waves are not damped and heat is not generated from mechanical motion. It is found that at pressures ...

Ahrens, T. J.: Equation of state, in: High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids, edited by: Asay, J. R. and Shahinpoor, M., Springer, New York, 75–114, 1993.; Anderson, D. L.: Temperature and pressure derivatives of elastic constants with application to the mantle, J. Geophys. Res., 93, 4688–4700, 1988.; Anderson, O. L.: Derivation of Wachtman's equation for temperature dependence of elastic moduli of oxide compounds, Phys. Rev., 144, 553–557, 1966.; Anderson, O. L.: Equ...

### Tomography-based Monitoring of Isothermal Snow Metamorphism Under ...

##### By: A. Steinfeld; M. Schneebeli; P. P. Ebner

Description: Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland. Time-lapse X-ray microtomography was used to investigate the structural dynamics of isothermal snow metamorphism exposed to an advective airflow. The effect of diffusion and advection across the snow pores on the snow microstructure were analysed in controlled laboratory experiments and possible effects on natural snowpacks discussed. The 3-D digital geometry obtaine...

Kuroiwa, D.: A study of ice sintering, Tellus, 13, 252–259, 1961.; Kingery, W. D.: On the metamorphism of snow, in: International Geological Congress, XXI Sesion, Norden, Copenhagen, 15–25 August 1960, 81–89, 1960a.; Kingery, W. D.: Regelation, surface diffusion, and ice sintering, J. Appl. Phys., 31, 833–838, 1960b.; Adams, E. E. and Walters, D. J: Fine structure layering in radiation recrystallized snow, International Snow Science Workshop, Proceedings, Banff, Canada, ...

### The Manufacturer and Builder : Volume 0026, Issue 10 October 1894:...

##### By: Western and Company

Description: The Manufacturer and Builder was a practical journal of industrial progress published monthly in the 19th century by Western and Company.

### Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Binary Organic Syst...

##### By: James Sangster

Technical Reference Publication

### Nasa Langley Scientific and Technical Information Output2002: by S...

Description: This document contains information regarding topics such as Space Sciences (General), Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration, and Category 93 Space Radiation...

### The Calculated Thermodynamic Properties A4 Superfluid Helium-4

##### By: James S. Brooks

Technical Reference Publication

Introduction: Liquid helium is a rewarding subject for the study of thermodynamic properties, especially because helium 11, the lower temperature phase, exhibits the property or super fluidity. The hydrodynamics of this phase are extraordinary: both normal viscous behavior and superflow may be exhibited in closely related experiments. Phenomenologically, one speaks of a two-fluid behavior in which the fluid (of density p) acts dynamically as if a fraction of effective de...

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